Publications

Northcutt Bohmert, M., Lowder, E. M., Ying, M., & *Thai, M. (revise & resubmit).  Racial disparities in probation: Analyzing the presence in violations versus revocations.

*Thai, M., & Lowder, E. M. (under review). Framing pretrial reform: Media effects on perceptions of bail reform and pretrial risk assessments.

*Knes, A., *Carlisle, H., *Thai, M., *Jadidi, V., & Lowder, E. M. (under review). From jury to judge: Effects of changing the default sentencing agent on sentence length in Virginia.

*Knes, A., Henry, T. K., Lowder, E. M., *Diaz, C., & Grommon, E. (revise & resubmit). Whose job is it anyway? Causes of racial disparities and the professionals who can address them.

*Ingel, S., Lowder, E. M., Frye, P., Lawson, S. G., & *Kent, A. (under review). A Risk-NeedResponsivity (RNR)-informed systematic review of needs during the pretrial period.

Zottola, S., Desmarais, S., Queen, C., *Rodriguez, A., Lowder, E., & Monahan, J. (pending resubmission). A model of pretrial risk assessment results and release decision-making.

Lowder, E. M., Foudray, C. M. A., *Frye, P., & *Carlisle, C. (pending resubmission). How do defendants perceive pretrial risk assessments? Findings from surveys and interviews across 10 counties. 

*Carlisle, H. J., & Lowder, E. M. (2025). Reframing a socioecological model of carceral and post-carceral suicide prevention. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-025-09839-2 

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*Rodriguez, A. E., Lowder, E. M., & *Frye, P. (2025). Risk perception and risk communication: Multi-actor perspectives on pretrial decision-making. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2717 

Foudray, C. M. A., Lowder, E. M., & Wilson, D. B. (2025). Effectiveness of drug testing requirements on pretrial supervision outcomes. Journal of Criminal Justice, 97, 102386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102386 ​

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Lowder, E. M., Lawson, S. G., Ruhland, E., *Rodriguez, A., *Frye, P., & *McPherson, M. (2025). Development and validation of a tool to measure relative disadvantage and disproportionate risk of criminal-legal system involvement. Justice Quarterly, 0(0), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2025.2466012 

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*Knes, A. S., Lowder, E. M., *Thai, M. L., *Reuter, S. M., & *Kent, A. R. (2025). Multistudy examination of criminal-legal professionals’ use of risk assessments in pretrial decisionmaking. Legal and Criminological Psychology, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12305

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Hofer, M., Lu, T., Bailey, K., Aldridge, A., Grommon, E., Lowder, E., & Ray, B. (2024). An economic evaluation of a police–mental health co-response program: Data from a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09635-8 

*Foudray, C. M. A., & Lowder, E. M. (2024). Judicial decision-making in the era of pretrial reform. Psychology, Crime & Law, 0(0), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2024.2375225 ​

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Desmarais, S. L., Morrissey, B., Lowder, E. M., & Zottola, S. A. (2024). Patterns of selfreported mental health symptoms and treatment among people booked into a large metropolitan county jail. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-024-01398-8 

*Diaz, C. L., Lowder, E. M., Northcutt Bohmert, M., Ying, M., & Hatfield, T. (2024). A retrospective study of the role of probation revocation in future criminal justice involvement. Journal of Criminal Justice, 93, 102225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102225  

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Lawson, S. G., *Foudray, C. M. A., Lowder, E. M., Ray. B, & Carey, K. L. (2024). The role of co-occurring disorders in criminal recidivism and psychiatric recovery among justice-involved adults with opioid use disorder: A statewide retrospective cohort study. Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.josat.2023.209192 

Lowder, E. M., Grommon, E., Bailey, K., & Ray, B. (2024). Police-mental health co-response versus police-as-usual response to behavioral health emergencies: A pragmatic randomized effectiveness trial. Social Science & Medicine, 345, 116723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116723 

Lowder, E. M., *Kamara, Z. B., & *Kent, A. (2023). Pretrial decision-making matrices: The role of risk and charge weighting in risk assessment–guided decisions. Criminal Justice and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548231177709 

Lowder, E. M., Northcutt Bohmert, M., *Diaz, C. L., Ying, M., Grommon, E., & Hatfield, T. (2022). Patterns of compliance and noncompliance during probation: Identifying pathways to probation revocation. Crime & Delinquency. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287221143942 

Lowder, E. M., *Zhou, W., Peppard, L., Bates, R., & Carr, T. (2022). Supply-side predictors of fatal drug overdose in the Washington/Baltimore HIDTA region: 2016–2020. International Journal of Drug Policy, 110, 103902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103902 

*Diaz, C. L., Rising, S., Grommon, E., Northcutt Bohmert, M., & Lowder, E. M. (2022). A rapid review of literature on factors associated with adult probation revocations. Corrections, 0(0), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2022.2136116 

*Lawson, S. G., & Lowder, E. M. (2022). Differential prediction by race in IRAS-PAT assessments: An application of debiasing strategies. Justice Quarterly, 0(0), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2022.2086481 

*Lawson, S. G., Lowder, E. M., & Ray, B. (2022). Correlates of suicide risk among Black and White adults with behavioral health disorders in criminal-legal systems. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03803-8

*Foudray, C. M. A., *Lawson, S. G., & Lowder, E. M. (2022). Jail-based court notifications to improve appearance rates following early pretrial release. American Journal of Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-022-09676-7 

Lowder, E. M. *Foudray, C. M. A., & *McPherson, M. (2022).  Proxy assessments and early pretrial release: Effects on criminal case and recidivism outcomes. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000341 

Lowder, E. M., *Diaz, C. L, Grommon, E., & Ray, B. R. (2022). Differential prediction and disparate impact of pretrial risk assessments in practice: A multi-site evaluation. Journal of Experimental Criminology. 10.1007/s11292-021-09492-9 

Lowder, E. M., & Wilson, D. (2021). Pretrial risk assessment validation research: Range restriction and attenuation of predictive validity estimates. Law and Human Behavior. 45(4), 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000458

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Lowder, E. M., & *Foudray, C. M. A. (2021). Use of risk assessments in pretrial supervision decision-making and associated outcomes. Crime & Delinquency. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00111287211022642 

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Lowder, E. M., *Diaz, C. L., Grommon, E., and Ray, B. R. (2021). Effects of pretrial risk assessments on release decisions and misconduct outcomes relative to practice as usual. Journal of Criminal Justice, 73, 101754, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101754.​

Lowder, E. M., *Lawson, S. G., Grommon, E., and Ray, B. R. (2020). Local validation of the Indiana Risk Assessment System – Pretrial Assessment Tool (IRAS-PAT) in five counties. Justice Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1829006 ​